Publications

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Journal and Symposium Publications at U Delaware

  1. Wang, P. and D.L. Mills, A probabilistic approach for achieving fair bandwidth allocations in CSFQ. Proc. IEEE NCA 05 (Cambridge MA, 2005). Paper: PDF
  2. Wang and D.L. Mills, Simple analysis of XCP equilibrium performance. Proc. CISS 2006 (Princeton NJ, 2006), 585-590. Paper: PDF.
  3. Wang, P., and D.L. Mills. Speeding up the convergence of estimated fair share in CSFQ. Proc. Fourth IASTED International Conference on Communications, Internet and Information Technology (Cambridge MA, October 2005), 14-20. Paper: PDF
  4. Mills, D.L., J. Levine, R. Schmidt and D. Plonka. Coping with overload on the Network Time Protocol public servers. Proc. Precision Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning Meeting (Washington DC, December 2004), 5-16. Paper: PDF, Slides:PDF | PowerPoint
  5. Mills, D.L. A brief history of NTP time: confessions of an Internet timekeeper. ACM Computer Communications Review 33, 2 (April 2003), 9-22. PDF
  6. Li, Q., and D.L. Mills. The implication of short-range dependency on delay variation measurement. Proc. Second IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (April 2003), 374 -380.
  7. Li, Q., and D.L. Mills. Control architecture for tuning intensity and burstiness of traffic. Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM Symposium (November 2002), 2138-2142. PDF.
  8. Li, Q., and D.L. Mills. Jitter based delay boundary prediction of wide-area networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking 9, 5 (October 2001), 578-590. PDF
  9. Levine, J., and D. Mills. Using the Network Time Protocol to transmit International Atomic Time (TAI). Proc. Precision Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning Meeting (Reston VA, November 2000), 431-439. Paper: PDF
  10. Mills, D.L., and P.-H. Kamp. The nanokernel. Proc. Precision Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning Meeting (Reston VA, November 2000), 423-430. Paper: PDF, Slides: PDF | PowerPoint
  11. Li, Q., and D.L. Mills. Investigating the scaling behavior, crossover and anti-persistence of internet packet delay dynamics. Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM Symposium (Rio de Janerio, Brazil, December 1999), 1843-1852. PDF
  12. Mills, D.L. Cryptographic authentication for real-time network protocols. In: AMS DIMACS Series in Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, Vol. 45 (1999), 135-144. Paper: PDF, Slides: PDF | PowerPoint
  13. Mills, D.L. Adaptive hybrid clock discipline algorithm for the Network Time Protocol. IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking 6, 5 (October 1998), 505-514. PDF
  14. Li, Q., and D.L. Mills. On the long-range dependence of packet round-trip delays in Internet. Proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications (Atlanta GA, June 1998), 1185-1191. PDF
  15. Mills, D.L., A. Thyagarajan and B.C. Huffman. Internet timekeeping around the globe. Proc. Precision Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning Meeting (Long Beach CA, December 1997), 365-371. Paper: PDF, Slides: PDF | PowerPoint
  16. Mills, D.L. Authentication scheme for distributed, ubiquitous, real-time protocols. Proc. Advanced Telecommunications/Information Distribution Research Program (ATIRP) Conference (College Park MD, January 1997), 293-298. Paper: PDF, Slides: PDF PowerPoint
  17. Mills, D.L. The network computer as precision timekeeper. Proc. Precision Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning Meeting (Reston VA, December 1996), 96-108. Paper: PDF, Slides: PDF | PowerPoint
  18. Mills, D.L. Improved algorithms for synchronizing computer network clocks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Networks 3, 3 (June 1995), 245-254. PDF. Also in: Jeffay, K., and H.-J. Zhang. Multimedia computing and networking. Morgan Kaufman, 2002, 751-760. Revised from: ibid. Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 94 Symposium (London UK, September 1994), 317-327. PDF
  19. Mills, D.L. Precision synchronization of computer network clocks. ACM Computer Communication Review 24, 2 (April 1994). 28-43. PDF Condensed from: Ibid. Electrical Engineering Department Report 93-11-1, University of Delaware, November 1993, 66 pp.
  20. Boncelet, C.G., and D.L. Mills. A labeling algorithm for just-in-time scheduling in TDMA networks. Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 92 Symposium (Baltimore MD, September 1992), 170-195.
  21. Mills, D.L. On the chronology and metrology of computer network timescales and their application to the Network Time Protocol. ACM Computer Communications Review 21, 5 (October 1991), 8-17. PDF
  22. Mills, D.L. Internet time synchronization: the Network Time Protocol. IEEE Trans. Communications COM-39, 10 (October 1991), 1482-1493. PDF Also in: Yang, Z., and T.A. Marsland (Eds.). Global States and Time in Distributed Systems. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 1994, 91-102. Condensed from: Ibid. Network Working Group Report RFC-1129, University of Delaware, October 1989. Also published as: Electrical Engineering Department Report 89-9-1, University of Delaware, September 1989.
  23. Mills, D.L., P. Schragger and M. Davis. Internet architecture workshop: future of the internet system architecture and TCP/IP protocols. ACM Computer Communication Review 20, 1 (January 1990), 6-17. PDF
  24. Mills, D.L. On the accuracy and stability of clocks synchronized by the Network Time Protocol in the Internet system. ACM Computer Communication Review 20, 1 (January 1990), 65-75. PDF
  25. Mills, D.L. Wiretap: an experimental multiple-path routing algorithm. ACM Computer Communication Review 19, 1 (January 1989), 85-98. PDF
  26. Mills, D.L. The Fuzzball. Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 88 Symposium (Palo Alto CA, August 1988), 115-122. PDF
  27. Mills, D.L., and H.-W. Braun. The NSFNET Backbone Network. Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 87 Symposium (Stoweflake VT, August 1987), 191-196. PDF

Journal and Symposium Publications at Other Institutions

  1. Leiner, B., J. Postel, R. Cole and D. Mills. The DARPA Internet protocol suite. In: P.E. Green (Ed.), Network Interconnection and Protocol Conversion, IEEE Press, New York, NY, 1988. Also in: IEEE Communications 23, 3 (March 1985), 29-34.
  2. Palmer, L., J. Kaiser, S. Rothschild and D. Mills. SATNET packet data transmission. COMSAT Technical Review 12, 1 (Spring 1982), 181-212.
  3. Cudhea, P.W., D.A. McNeill and D.L. Mills. SATNET operations. Proc. AIAA Ninth Communications Satellite Systems Conference (March 1982).
  4. Mills, D.L. Internetworking and the Atlantic SATNET. Proc. National Electronics Conference (Chicago, Illinois, October 1981), 378-383.
  5. Chu, W.W., D.L. Mills, et al. Experimental results on the packet satellite network. Proc. National Telecommunications Conference (Washington, D.C., November 1979), 45.4.1-45.4.12.
  6. Kirstein, P., D.L. Mills, et al. SATNET application activities. Proc. National Telecommunications Conference (Washington, D.C., November 1979), 45.5.1-45.5.7.
  7. Mills, D.L. A new algorithm to determine the Levenshtein distance between two strings. Proc. Workshop on String Matching (University of Montreal, May 1979).
  8. Mills, D.L. Transient fault recovery in a distributed computer network. Proc. NBS/IEEE Trends and Applications Symposium (Gaithersburg, MD, May 1976). Also published as: Computer Science Technical Report TR-414, University of Maryland, January 1976.
  9. Mills, D.L. An overview of the Distributed Computer Network. Proc. AFIPS National Computer Conference (New York, New York, June 1976). Also published as: Computer Science Technical Report TR-413, University of Maryland, October 1975.
  10. Mills, D.L. Structured programming and compiling in a minicomputer environment. Proc. IFIP TC-2 Working Conference on Software for Minicomputers (Lake Balaton, Hungary, September 1975).
  11. Also published as: Computer Science Technical Report TR-339, University of Maryland, October 1974.
  12. Lay, W.M., D.L. Mills, and M.V. Zelkowitz. Operating systems architecture for a distributed computer network. Proc. NBS IEEE Conference on Trends and Applications of Minicomputer Networks (Gaithersburg, MD, April 1974).
  13. Mills, D.L. Executive systems and program development for minicomputers. Proc. IEEE 61, 11 (November 1973), 1556-1562.
  14. Lay, W.M., D.L. Mills, and M.V. Zelkowitz. Design of a distributed computer network for resource sharing. Proc. AIAA Computer Network Systems Conference (Huntsville, Alabama, April 1973).
  15. Mills, D.L. Communications software. Proc. IEEE 60, 11 (November 1972), 1333-1341. Also in: Green, P.E., and R.W. Lucky, (Eds.). Computer Communications. IEEE Press, New York, New York, 1975. Also in: Abrams, M., R.P. Blanc, and I.W. Cotton, (Eds.). Computer Networks: a Tutorial (Revised 1975). IEEE Press, New York, New York, 1975.
  16. Mills, D.L. Multiprogramming in a small-systems environment. Proc. ACM Second Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (Princeton, New Jersey, October 1969), 286-310.
  17. Mills, D.L. Preprocessors in a data communication computer environment. Proc. ACM Symposium on the Optimization of Data Communications Systems (Pine Mountain, Georgia, October 1969), 112-109.
  18. Mills, D.L. Preliminary design specifications for a solid-state computer-controlled RAMP system. Foreign Language Courier, University of Michigan Press, June 1969.
  19. Mills, D.L. A random-access multiple-program system for the University of Michigan Language Laboratory. Foreign Language Courier, University of Michigan Press, June 1969.

Technical Reports

  1. Mills, D., J. Martin (Ed.), et al. Network Time Protocol Version 4: protocol and algorithm specification. Request for Comments RFC 5905, Internet Engineering Task Force, June, 2010. ASCII
  2. Mills, D., B. Haberman (Ed.). Network Time Protocol Version 4: Autokey specification. Request for Comments RFC 5906, Internet Engineering Task Force, June, 2010. ASCII
  3. Mills, D.L. Network Time Protocol Version 4 Reference and Implementation Guide. Electrical and Computer Engineering Technical Report 06-06-1, University of Delaware, June 2006, 83 pp, PDF
  4. Mills, D.L. The Autokey security architecture, protocol and algorithms. Electrical and Computer Engineering Technical Report 06-1-1, University of Delaware, January 2006, 59 pp. PDF
  5. Mills, D., D. Plonka and J. Montgomery. Simple network time protocol (SNTP) version 4 for IPv4, IPv6 and OSI. Network Working Group Report RFC-4330, University of Delaware, December 2005, 27 pp. ASCII Major revision and update of: Ibid. Network Working Group Report RFC-2030, University of Delaware, October 1996, 20 pp.
  6. Mills, D.L. Public key cryptography for the Network Time Protocol. Electrical Engineering Report 00-5-1, University of Delaware, May 2000. 23 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF
  7. Mogul, J., D. Mills, J. Brittenson, J. Stone and U. Windl. Pulse-per-second API for Unix-like operating systems, version 1. Request for Comments RFC-2783, Internet Engineering Task Force, March 2000, 31 pp. ASCII
  8. Sethi, A.S., H. Gao, and D.L. Mills. Management of the Network Time Protocol (NTP) with SNMP. Computer and Information Sciences Report 98-09, University of Delaware, November 1997, 32 pp. PDF
  9. Mills, D.L. A precision radio clock for WWV transmissions. Electrical Engineering Report 97-8-1, University of Delaware, August 1997, 25 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF
  10. Mills, D.L. Clock discipline algorithms for the Network Time Protocol Version 4. Electrical Engineering Report 97-3-3, University of Delaware, March 1997, 35 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF
  11. Mills, D.L. Proposed authentication enhancements for the Network Time Protocol version 4. Electrical Engineering Report 96-10-3, University of Delaware, October 1996, 36 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF
  12. Mills, D.L. Simple network time protocol (SNTP) version 4 for IPv4, IPv6 and OSI. Network Working Group Report RFC-2030, University of Delaware, October 1996, 18 pp. ASCII Major revision and update of: Ibid. Network Working Group Report RFC-1769, University of Delaware, March 1995, 14 pp. ASCII Also published (with figures) as Ibid Electrical Engineering Department Report 96-10-2, University of Delaware, October 1996, 14 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF
  13. Mills, D.L. An optimal linear receiver and codec for a class of radiotelegraph signals. Electrical Engineering Department Report 95-8-1, University of Delaware, August 1995, 91 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF, Appendix A Operations: PDF, Appendix B RTTY Analysis: PostScriptPDF, Appendix C DCD Analysis: PDF
  14. Mills, D.L. Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP). Network Working Group Report RFC-1769, University of Delaware, March 1995, 14 pp. ASCII Major revision and update of: Ibid. Network Working Group Report RFC-1361, University of Delaware, August 1992, 10 pp. ASCII
  15. Mills, D.L, and A. Thyagarajan. Network time protocol version 4 proposed changes. Electrical Engineering Department Report 94-10-2, University of Delaware, October 1994, 32 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF
  16. Mills, D.L. Unix kernel modifications for precision time synchronization. Electrical Engineering Department Report 94-10-1, University of Delaware, October 1994, 24 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF Major revision and update of: Network Working Group Report RFC-1589, University of Delaware, March 1994. 31 pp. ASCII
  17. Mills, D.L. A kernel model for precision timekeeping. Network Working Group Report RFC-1589, University of Delaware, March 1994. 31 pp. ASCII
  18. Mills, D.L. Precision synchronization of computer network clocks. Electrical Engineering Department Report 93-11-1, University of Delaware, November 1993, 66 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF
  19. Mills, D.L. Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP). Network Working Group Report RFC-1361, University of Delaware, August 1992, 10 pp. ASCII
  20. Mills, D.L. Modelling and analysis of computer network clocks. Electrical Engineering Department Report 92-5-2, University of Delaware, May 1992, 29 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF
  21. Mills, D.L. Network Time Protocol (Version 3) specification, implementation and analysis. Network Working Group Report RFC-1305, University of Delaware, March 1992, 113 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF, Appendices: PDF Revised from: Electrical Engineering Department Report 90-6-1, University of Delaware, June 1990, 103 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF, Appendices: PDF
  22. Mills, D.L. A computer-controlled LORAN-C receiver for precision timekeeping. Electrical Engineering Department Report 92-3-1, University of Delaware, March 1992, 63 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF, Appendix A Host Computer Interface: PDF, Appendix B Program Listing: PDF, Appendix C Schematic Drawings: PDF
  23. Mills, D.L, C.G. Boncelet, J.G. Elias, P.A. Schragger and A.W. Jackson. Highball: a high speed, reserved-access, wide-area network. Electrical Engineering Department Report 90-9-3, University of Delaware, September 1990, 34 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF
  24. Mills, D.L. Internet time synchronization: the Network Time Protocol. Network Working Group Report RFC-1129, University of Delaware, October 1989, 27 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF Also published as: Electrical Engineering Department Report 89-9-1, University of Delaware, September 1989.
  25. Mills, D.L. Measured performance of the Network Time Protocol in the Internet system. Network Working Group Report RFC-1128. University of Delaware, October 1989, 18 pp. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF Also published as: Electrical Engineering Department Report 89-9-3, University of Delaware, September 1989, 16 pp. Abstract: PDF , Body: PDF
  26. Mills, D.L. Network Time Protocol (Version 2) specification and implementation. Network Working Group Report RFC-1119, 61 pp. University ofDelaware, September 1989. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF Also published as: Electrical Engineering Department Report 89-9-2, University of Delaware, September 1989. Abstract: PDF, Body: PDF
  27. Mills, D.L. Network Time Protocol (Version 1) specification and implementation. Network Working Group Report RFC-1059. University of Delaware, July 1988. ASCII. Also published as: Electrical Engineering Department Report 88-4-1, University of Delaware, May 1988.
  28. Mills, D.L. A distributed-protocol authentication scheme. Network Working Group Report RFC-1004, University of Delaware, April 1987. ASCII
  29. Mills, D.L. Statistics server. Network Working Group Report RFC-996, University of Delaware, February 1987. ASCII
  30. Mills, D.L. (Ed.). Requirements for internet gateways. Network Working Group Report RFC-985, NSF Network Technical Advisory Group, May 1986. ASCII
  31. Mills, D.L. An experimental multiple-path routing algorithm. Network Working Group Report RFC-981, M/A-COM Linkabit, March 1986. ASCII
  32. Mills, D.L. Autonomous confederations. Network Working Group Report RFC-975, M/A-COM Linkabit, February 1986. ASCII
  33. Mills, D.L. Network Time Protocol (NTP). Network Working Group Report RFC-958, M/A-COM Linkabit, September 1985. ASCII
  34. Mills, D.L. Experiments in network clock synchronization. Network Working Group Report RFC-957, M/A-COM Linkabit, September 1985. ASCII
  35. Mills, D.L. Algorithms for synchronizing network clocks. Network Working Group Report RFC-956, M/A-COM Linkabit, September 1985. ASCII
  36. Mills, D.L. Exterior gateway protocol formal specification. Network Working Group Report RFC-904, M/A-COM Linkabit, April 1984. ASCII
  37. Mills, D.L. DCN local-network protocols. Network Working Group Report RFC-891, M/A-COM Linkabit, December 1983. ASCII
  38. Mills, D.L. Internet delay experiments. Network Working Group Report RFC-889, M/A-COM Linkabit, December 1983. ASCII
  39. Agarwal, A, M.J. O'Connor and D.L. Mills. Dacom 450/500 facsimile data transcoding. Network Working Group Report RFC-803, COMSAT Laboratories, November 1981. ASCII
  40. Mills, D.L. Internet name domains. Network Working Group Report RFC-799, COMSAT Laboratories, September 1981. ASCII
  41. Mills, D.L, and M.J. O'Connor. DCNET mail plan. Internet Project Report IEN-194, COMSAT Laboratories, July 1981. ASCII
  42. Mills, D.L. DCNET internet clock service. Network Working Group Report RFC-778, COMSAT Laboratories, April 1981. ASCII
  43. Mills, D.L. Time synchronization in DCNET hosts. Internet Project Report IEN-173, COMSAT Laboratories, February 1981. ASCII
  44. Mills, D.L. Analytical and experimental investigation of the Ratio-Weighted Estimation algorithm. Computer Science Technical Report TR-889, University of Maryland, March 1980.
  45. Palmer, L, and D.L. Mills. COMSAT participation in packet satellite program - final report. COMSAT Laboratories, October 1979.
  46. Mills, D.L. Real-time recognition of manual Morse telegraphy using nonlinear estimation and Viterbi decoding. Computer Science Technical Report TR-554, University of Maryland, July 1977.
  47. Mills, D.L. Final report on the Distributed Computer Network Project. Computer Science Technical Report TR-555, University of Maryland, July 1977.
  48. Mills, D.L. The ULP language and compiler. Computer Science Technical Report TR-537, University of Maryland, May 1977.
  49. Mills, D.L. User's Guide to the ULP language for the PDP11. Computer Science Technical Report TR-536, University of Maryland, May 1977.
  50. Mills, D.L. Dynamic file access in a distributed computer network. Computer Science Technical Report TR-415, University of Maryland, October 1975.
  51. Mills, D.L. The basic operating system for the Distributed Computer Network. Computer Science Technical Report TR-416, University of Maryland, October 1975.
  52. Mills, D.L, J.L. Di Guiseppe, and W.S. Gerstenberger. Data Concentrator user's guide. CONCOMP Project Technical Report 28, University of Michigan, April 1970 (PDF).
  53. Mills, D.L. Multiprogramming in a small-systems environment. CONCOMP Project Technical Report 19, University of Michigan, May 1969 (PDF).
  54. Mills, D.L. Topics in computer communications systems. CONCOMP Project Technical Report 20, University of Michigan, May 1969 (PDF).
  55. Mills, D.L. RAMP architecture in a utility calculator system. CONCOMP Project Memorandum 24, University of Michigan, May 1969 (PDF).
  56. Mills, D.L, V.M. Powers, and N. Laurance. An assembly language system for DEC mini-computers. CONCOMP Project Memorandum 20, University of Michigan, May 1969.
  57. Mills, D.L. The syntactic structure of MAD/I. CONCOMP Project Technical Report 7, University of Michigan, May 1968 (PDF).
  58. Mills, D.L. The Data Concentrator. CONCOMP Project Technical Report 8, University of Michigan, May 1968 (PDF).
  59. Mills, D.L. System/360 interface engineering report. CONCOMP Project Memorandum 13, University of Michigan, March 1968 (PDF).
  60. Mills, D.L. and V.M. Powers, PDP-8 program relocation: concepts and facilities. CONCOMP Project Memorandum 17, University of Michigan, February 1968 (PDF).
  61. Mills, D.L. I/O extensions to RAMP. CONCOMP Project Memorandum 11, University of Michigan, February 1968 (PDF).
  62. Mills, D.L. RAMP: a multiprogramming system for real-time device control. CONCOMP Project Memorandum 5, University of Michigan, May 1967 (PDF).
  63. Mills, D.L. A proposal for a computer-supervised RAMP system. Language Laboratory, University of Michigan, May 1965.
  64. Mills, D.L. Considerations in Loran-C/D receiver design. Cooley Electronics Laboratory Technical Report 155, University of Michigzn, October 1964 (PDF)
  65. Mills, D.L. The Michigan Automatic Direction Finder. Cooley Electronics Laboratory Technical Report 137, University of Michigan, February 1964 (PDF).
  66. Mills, D.L. Magnetically tunable discrete-frequency generator. Engineering Report RD-63-5. Berkeley Division, Beckman Instruments, August 1963.
  67. Aupperle, E.M, T.W. Butler, and D.L. Mills. A remotely controlled tactical direction finder. Cooley Electronics Laboratory Technical Report 124, University of Michigan, July 1961 (PDF).

Books and Monographs

  1. Mills, D.L. Computer Network Time Synchronization: the Network Time Protocol on Earth and in Space, Second Edition. CRC Press, March 2011, 466 pp.
  2. Mills, D.L. Computer Network Time Synchronization: the Network Time Protocol. CRC Press, March 2006, 304 pp.
  3. Mills, D.L. Practical parsing algorithms for deterministic context-free languages. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Computer and Communications Sciences, University of Michigan, August 1971.

Other Publications

Note: The following publications are intended as working documents in collaborative research projects and not as definitive research results. While they may in some form eventually be published as technical reports or papers, they must be considered as works in progress, so should not be widely cited or republished.

  1. Mills, D.L. Public-Key cryptography for the Network Time Protocol. Internet Draft draft-ietf-stime-ntpauth-01.txt, University of Delaware, April 2001, 45 pp. ASCII
  2. Mogul, J., D. Mills, J. Brittenson, J. Stone and U. Windl. Pulse-per-second API for UNIX-like operating systems, Version 1.0. Internet Draft draft-mogul-pps-api-05.txt, Compaq Western Research Laboratory, August 1999, 30 pp. ASCII
  3. Mills, D.L., T.S. Glassey, and M.E. McNeil. Authentication scheme extensions to NTP. Internet Draft draft-mills-ntp-auth-coexist-01.txt, University of Delaware and Glassey-McNeil Technologies, September 1998, 9 pp. ASCII
  4. Mills, D.L. Time and time interval measurement with application to computer and network performance evaluation. Electrical Engineering Technical Memorandum, January 1996, 17 pp. PDF
  5. Mills, D.L. A kernel model for precision timekeeping. Electrical Engineering Technical Memorandum, January 1996, 28 pp. PDF update of RFC-1589
  6. Mills, D.L. A kernel programming interface for precision time signals. Electrical Engineering Technical Memorandum, January 1996, 3 pp. PDF